How Do You Define EducationSome May Have A Very Simple

How do you define education? Some may have a very simple definition to answer this question. However, the definition of education is much more encompassing than one might think. If your definition didn’t make you think of philosophy, experiences, and theory than you might want to rethink your understanding of education. Furthermore, why do we educate? Everyone’s opinion on this subject is somewhat connected between expanding experiences to producing â€Å"good† citizens. This paper seeks to explore the various definitions of education, as well as, find valid evidence to support the answer of â€Å"why do we educate?† Education: How We Define It and Why We Educate When people hear the word education most immediately think about†¦show more content†¦Although, there are some specifics that were found to be common. For example, Coulter and Wiens (2009) conducted an experiment which they entitled â€Å"The Educated Person.† For this experiment, they asked several different types of people of all ages and backgrounds to pick one person in his/her life which they deemed to be â€Å"educated.† Although, their responses were divergent, there were in fact similarities found among them. Namely, they found that most of the people picked as â€Å"educated† by the participants, were older, had more life experiences, and many had humility as a common characteristic. What I found fascinating was, of the people they chose, none of them had any â€Å"formal education.† I have said for years that some of the most â€Å"educated† people I have ever met don’t necessarily have a formal education or a degree, b ut they do have rich life experiences. I was happy to see that Coulter and Wiens confirmed my thoughts in their book, Why Do We Educate?. Further stated in their book is the notion â€Å"Education introduces us to worlds we might otherwise never encounter thereby reshaping our vision of the world we think we know.† (Coulter Wiens, 2009, p. 32). A perfect example of this is the research and readings I did for this paper. It opened my eyes up to new avenues of exploring the craft of educating. Without this class, I may have never come to question my educational philosophy or myShow MoreRelatedEssay about Attitude Can Make or Break a Person781 Words   |  4 Pageswho considered themselves very well-educated because of great financial success, another because of having many degrees. I find that the attitudes of people can make or break a person regardless of who they are or how much they have gained financially. The truth is it does not matter what a person may have in life, if ignorance precedes them, there is no way that this title is applicable. There are societies that believe the importance of being educated is by education status, academic goals,Read MoreSkills Of A Well Educated Person880 Words   |  4 Pagesextensive college education and attend the finest schools, a well-educated person can also be one who is educated with hands-on experience without a college degree. When referring to a person as well-educated it usually has to do more with formal education than informal education. When someone is describing a person as well-educated, consideration for both formal and informal types of education should be included. Formal education is very important in the early years since children have yet to acquireRead MoreEssay on A Philosophy on Fitness1469 Words   |  6 PagesWebster’s Dictionary defines physical as â€Å"concerned or preoccupied with the body and its’ needs† and defines activity as â€Å"the state or quality of producing or involving movement.† I agree with Mr. Webster’s definitions. I see physical activity as doing some kind of movement in order to assist in improving or maintaining a body’s level of health. By maintaining or improving that level of health, physical activity also plays a big role in a person’s â€Å"quality of life†. How happy or complete a personRead MoreEs say on Factors Contributing to Poverty1397 Words   |  6 Pagesprevalence of poverty. Firstly, it is difficult to assess these causes because the word ‘poverty’ can be very subjective and difficult to define. In attempting to define what poverty is, one would suggest having a lack of income and resources not consistent with the requirements of the poverty line. Three factors that play major roles as causes of poverty would be having a lack of education, systemic discrimination, and inequities based on a capitalist system. This paper will look at ways inRead MoreAn Analysis Of Blue Collar Billiance By Mike Rose793 Words   |  4 PagesDefine Smart In the essay â€Å"Blue Collar Brilliance† written by Mike Rose, he discusses the meaning of these blue collar jobs, and how they are viewed by himself, as well as by society. He recalls memories from his childhood, watching his mother, a waitress, call out abbreviations while hustling around the restaurant to fulfill her duties. He recognized even at a young age that she had a long list of responsibilities, in addition to the requirement of pleasant customer service. He recalls that by theRead MoreEquality and Diversity Essay1577 Words   |  7 PagesNCFE Level 2 Certificate in Equality and Diversity Unit 1: Exploring Equality and Diversity Assessment You should use this file to complete your Assessment. The first thing you need to do is save a copy of this document, either onto your computer or a disk Then work through your Assessment, remembering to save your work regularly When you’ve finished, print out a copy to keep for reference Then, go to www.vision2learn.com and send your completed Assessment to your tutor viaRead MoreThe Importance Of Literacy748 Words   |  3 Pagesabout culture, professionalism, and social outlook.† Some might say that this is absurd or untrue but in a world of learning and knowledge literacy is necessary to the advancement of humanity. Merriam Webster defines â€Å"literate† as the ability to be able to read and write text. This though is not elaborate enough to help readers understand the true complexity of the word. Literacy is much more elaborate than being able to read and write. These may be the most essential parts of literacy but today ourRead MoreHannah Arendt s Human Condition1274 Words   |  6 Pagesthe uniqueness of individuality, and how the actions draw human life story. Actions are unique and unrepeatable. Action is not what they do, but what they did, and how meaningful it is. Action defines the unique individuality. â€Å"To act, in its most gene ral sense, means to take an initiative, to begin, to set something into motion†(pg 177). When you stand up and do something different than others around you, and the action you do is telling something about you, this is called to be an action. ActionRead MoreCauses And Effects Of Child Abuse1565 Words   |  7 Pagesvictims and punishment for abusers. Each year, nearly a million children are determined by child protective services to be the victims of abuse and/or neglect in this/country, while many more are at risk. The majority of victims suffer from neglect, but some children also endure the effects of physical, psychological, or sexual abuse. Child abuse results in several social, emotional and psychological problems. This essay will discuss the causes and effects of child abuse as well as provide suggestionsRead MoreEssay about An Integrative Approach to Teaching Writing1092 Words   |  5 PagesAn Integrative Approach to Teaching Writing If you have come to help me you are wasting your time. But if you have come because your liberation is bound up with mine, then let us work together. Aboriginal Activist Sister Teachers of writing have begun to move from thinking about writing as a product with rules, to writing as a process with an authentic, individual voice, to writing as a system of social and political actions. Many feel the need to align themselves with one perspective

Black People Free Essays

string(72) " if the woman were boasting of her own easy acceptance of womanhood†\." Tar Baby by Toni Morrison 7. What is the symbolic function of the African woman who spits at Jadine? Tar Baby Toni Morrison’s novel might for some be a novel of cultural awakening. One also might at their first reading and perhaps also by reading the different studies made on Tar Baby, restricted to an interpretation that sees Jadine, Morrison’s protagonist, as woman who has, consciously or unconsciously, lost her â€Å"ancient properties† (305) and internalized the values of a white culture. We will write a custom essay sample on Black People or any similar topic only for you Order Now Jadine has totally disconnected herself from her racial identity and cultural heritage. This reading is supported by the fact that Jadine has got her education in Europe with the financial assistance of Valerian Street (her aunt’s and uncle’s employer). Paraphrasing Marylyn sanders Mobley – the characterization of the protagonist, Jadine, draws attention to a fundamental problem as one that Morrison wants to affirm the self-reliance and freedom of a black woman who makes choices for her own life on her own terms. She also seeks to point out the dangers that can happen to the totally self-reliant if there is no historical connection. While the conflict in Tar Baby is undoubtedly â€Å"between assimilation and cultural nationalism represented by the sealskin coat Ryk has given her and the pie table† (Rayson, 94), the limiting categories which Jadine is continually forced into do not come from the white characters but primarily from the black community in which she finds herself because she (Jadine) has embraced white stereotypes along with white culture. While Valerian is portrayed as the traditional master-figure in the novel, it is actually Son, Sydney and Ondine, and the folk past represented by the different women in different places that try to conquer and dominate Jadine, who retain and represent their culture in the very colour of their skin. On the other hand, one could argue that it is as a result of Jadine’s university education in Europe and her career that further draws her away from her culture and identity and therefore (paraphrasing Mobley in Toni Morrison critical perspectives past and present) contributes significantly to the emotional and spiritual uncertainty that plague her as well as the many different roles that are imposed upon her by her aunt and uncle as well as the ‘society’ that caused her to seek upward social mobility. Sydney and Ondine, Jadine’s uncle and aunt in the novel can be seen as representative of one of the tar pits for Jadine. They do not accept all black people equal in the community in which they live because they employ racial hierarchies. Ondine sees herself as the only woman in the house (209), while Sydney notes more than twice that he is a Philadelphia Negro, â€Å"the proudest people in the race† (61). They seem to have a clear vision of what they want for Jadine their niece. As the story progresses, though, it becomes clearer that it is not actually a question of what they want for Jadine but what they want of her or expect her to do. In addition to them wanting Jadine to provide them safety and credit for their race, Ondine admits by the end of the novel, â€Å"maybe I just wanted her to feel sorry for us [†¦ ] and that’s a lowdown wish if I ever had one† (282). Jadine understands that Sydney and Ondine â€Å"had gotten Valerian to pay her tuition while they sent her the rest† (49) and Ondine keeps reminding that she â€Å"would have stood on her feet all day all night to put Jadine through that school† (193). Ondine sees Jadine as her â€Å"crown† (282), and she and Sydney are continually â€Å"boasting† (49) about Jadine’s success to the point that Margaret calls Ondine â€Å"Mother Superior† (84). In return, they seem to want Jadine to offer them safety for the rest of their lives as Ondine claims that â€Å"Nothing can happen to us as long as she’s here† (102). They are not comfortable with the idea of Jadine marrying Ryk, who is â€Å"white but European which was not as bad as white and American† (48), but they are terrified of her running off with a â€Å"no-count Negro† (193) like Son. Although their views on racial hierarchies seem to alter from time to time, on the outside they seem to want what is best for Jadine. Jadine refute Ondine’s views of black womanhood when she tells her some of the things that are expected of her from society Jadine tells Ondine that: â€Å"I don’t want to learn how to be the kind of woman you’re talking about because I don’t want to be that kind of woman† (282). This, according to Rayson (1998), might be interpreted as Jadine’s â€Å"rejecting the roles of mother, daughter, and woman to stay the tar baby† (Rayson, 95), however it marks her becoming aware of what kind of woman she is by the end of the novel. Jadine‘s inclination toward upward social mobility leads to her separation rom the Afro-American roots and the tar quality that Morrison advocates. This kind of flaw in Jadine effectively disqualifies her as a black woman capable of nurturing a family and by large the community. Jadine‘s perception of an ancestral relationship from which she is estranged occurs when she sees an African woman in a Parisi an bakery. When she is celebrating her success as model evidenced in her appearance on the cover of Elle, Jadine becomes nervous or perhaps uncomfortable by the African woman in yellow attire. She triggers an identity crisis in Jadine at the moment when she should have felt more secure with her professional achievement assured by beauty and education. In his African woman, Jadine catches a glimpse of beauty, a womanliness, an innate elegance, a nurturer, an authenticity that she had never known before: ? That woman‘s woman – that mother/sister/she/; that unphotographable beauty? (p. 43). By calling the African woman ? that mother/sister/she,? J. Deswal (online source â€Å"Tar Baby- Shodhganga) claims that â€Å"Morrison presents a threefold definition of womanhood which can thrive within the confines of family and community only. The three eggs she balances effortlessly in her ? tar-black fingers? (p. 44) appear to Jadine as if the woman were boasting of her own easy acceptance of womanhood†. You read "Black People" in category "Papers" Wendy Harding and Jacky Martin in A World of Difference: An Inter-cultural Study of Toni Morrison explain the importance of the African woman‘s presence as such: â€Å"Whereas Jadine has just been rewarded for her conformity to Western ideals of feminity, the African woman suggests a more powerful version of black womanhood. Like some fertility goddess, she holds in her hand the secret of life. She is the mother of the world in whose black hands whiteness appears as something as easily crushed as cared for (71). When Jadine measures herself by the idea of black womanhood that she sees in the African woman the insecurities of her rootless condition surface in her mind. The women in yellow makes Jadine confront her female role and her sexuality†. Jadine sees ? something in her eyes so powerful? (p. 42) that she follows the woman out of the store. The writers also claim that â€Å"As a symbol of repudiation of Jadine‘s westernized lifestyle, the African woman ? ooks right at Jadine? (p. 43) and spits on the pavement†. Jadine hates the woman for her spitting, but what she cannot do is escape feeling ? lonely in a way; lonely and inauthentic? as she tells the readers on page 45. When the sense of self is based on the denial of one‘s ethnic roots, one is certain to experience mental chaos and alienation. So, the woman‘s insult to Jadine had the powe rful effect of challenging Jadine‘s choices: her white boyfriend, her girlfriends in New York, her parties, her picture on the cover of Elle and the way she lived her life. One can say that it is as a result of the African woman that Jadine desided to visit her aunt and uncle on the island. Jadine is confused and even questions her plans to marry Ryk, her white boyfriend: I wonder if the person he wants to marry is me or a black girl? And if it isn‘t me he wants, but any black girl who looks like me, talks and acts like me, what will happen when he finds out that I hate ear hoops, that I don‘t have to straighten my hair, that Mingus puts me to sleep, that sometimes I want to get out of my skin and be only the person inside – not American – not black – just me? p. 45) It is through Son, however, that Morrison offers Jadine the ultimate opportunity to ‘redeem’ herself to her heritage, adapt it and revive her womanhood. Son picks up from where the African woman left off in a sense by making Jadine confront her inauthenticity. Jadine and Son enjoys their stay in New York because it is the place where Jadine feel s at ease. She feels loved and safe: ? He ‘unorphaned’ her completely and gave her a brand-new childhood? (p. 231). In turn, Son is encouraged by her need and by his apparent ability to redefine Jadine culturally and emotionally. Son insists that he and Jadine goes to Eloe his hometown where Jadine will see how Son is rooted in family and cultural heritage. He attempts to rescue Jadine from her ignorance and disdain for her cultural heritage, trying in a sense to mould Jadine into the image of his black female ancestors. Son assumes that a relationship with Jadine will mean that they will have children together. He presses claims for family and community: ? He smiled at the vigour of his own heartbeat at the thought of her having his baby? (p. 220). Thus, he wants Jadine to love the nurturing aspects of home and fraternity. He is fed on dreams of his community women. The dreams of ? yellow houses with white doors? and ? fat black ladies in white dresses minding the pie table? (p. 119) are nourishment to Son. Sandra Pouchet Paquet (The ancestors as foundation in their eyes were watching god and tar baby) observes: ? In Son‘s dreams of Eloe, the African-American male ego is restored in a community of black man at the center of a black community. But however appreciative Son is of the beauty, the strength, and the toughness of black women; his vision is of male dominance; of the black women as handmaiden? 511). The image feminity that Son cherishes – of the black woman taking passive role as a nurturer of the hearth – is flagrantly opposite to Jadine‘s perception of the modern black woman. This terrifies Jadine and narrows the possibility of their forming a family. The modern, educated black woman seems to snivel at the aspects of traditional female- specific role as the nurturer of hearth and home. Decadent white values and life style thwart the black woman’s vital roles of building families and raising children. The modern black woman cannot be a complete human being, for she allows her education to keep her career separate from her nurturing role. The black woman is increasingly becoming able to define her own status and to be economically independent. She tries to seek equality in her relationship with men. Robert Staples gives an insight into the faltering dynamics of modern couples: ? What was once a viable institution because women were a subservient group has lost its value for some people in these days of women‘s liberation. The stability of marriage was contingent on the woman accepting her place in the home and not creating dissension by challenging the male‘s prerogatives? (125). The black woman‘s intrinsic quality of ? accepting her place in the home? is Morrison‘s tar quality. However, in advocating the tar quality Morrison does not admonish the educational and professional accomplishments of the black woman. In fact, the black woman is expected to achieve a balance between her roles in the domestic and professional fields. It is the historical ability of black women to keep their families and careers together. In an era where both the black male and female seek to fulfill individual desires, relationships falter and, consequently, the prospects of the propagation of a family are not too bright. Jadine‘s tar quality is submerged by the white-like urge for freedom and self-actualization. As a result, she finds the conventions of black womanhood antithetical to her own value sy stem†. At Eloe, Jadine is determined to resist rigid male-female role categorization. Jadine cannot ? nderstand (or accept) her being shunted off with Ellen and the children while the men grouped on the porch and after a greeting, ignored her? (p. 248). While at Eloe, Jadine is provided with yet another chance to attain certain qualities that is for black women. She is accustomed to living an upper-class white lifestyle so she finds the people of Eloe limited and backward. Their stifling little shacks are more foreign to her than the hotel-like splendor of Valerian‘s mansion. She stays in Aunt Rosa‘s house where she feels claustrophobically enclosed in a dark, windowless room. She feels ? she might as well have been in a cave, a grave, the dark womb of the earth, suffocating with the sound of plant life moving, but deprived of its sight? (p. 254). It is in this very room where Jadine and Son were having sex that she had a second awakening vision, which is more frightening than the one she had in Paris about the African Woman. Here, Older, black, fruitful and nurturing women – her own dead mother, her Aunt Ondine, Son‘s dead wife, the African woman in yellow and other black women of her past – become a threatening part of Jadine‘s dreams: I have breasts too,‘ she said or thought or willed, I have breasts too. ‘ But they didn‘t believe her. They just held their own higher and pushed their own farther out and looked at her,? (p. 261) and ? the night women were not merely against her†¦ not merely looking superior over their sagging breasts and folded stomachs, they seemed somehow in agreement with each other about her, and were all determined to punish her for having neglected her cultural heritage. They wanted to bind the person she had become and choke it with their breasts. The night women? ccuse Jadine for trading the ? ancient properties? (p. 308) of being a daughter, mother, and a woman for her upward mobility and self-enhancement. All these women are punishing Jadine for her refusal to define herself in relation to family, historical tradition and culture. As they ‘brandish’ their breasts before her eyes, they mock and insult her with their feminity. Jadine finds these women bac kward and sees no self-fulfilling value in the roles that they serve. However, she is constantly haunted by dreams of the black female image that she seems to have lost throughout life. Ondine express shame and disappointment over her lack of concern for her family, the African woman, at the Parisian bakery, spits at her in disgust and the night women, in the vision at Eloe taunt her with their nurturing breasts. Having refuted her own black culture and heritage, Jadine face the consequence of a divided consciousness and a mental death. Her decision to end the love affair with Son— ? I can‘t let you hurt me again? (p. 274) is an evidence of her shunning womanhood and losing her Afro- American roots as she chooses Ryk her white boyfriend over Son who refused to become the person or image that Jadine wants him to be . Jadine is compelled to make her choice and she decides that it is in Paris, away from Son, where there are prospects of financial success and personal independence. She doesn‘t want what Son and Eloe have to offer: To settle for wifely competence when she could be a beauty queen or to settle for fertility rather than originality and nurturing instead of building? (p. 271). Jadine makes it clear to the reader that she is self-sufficient and independent of men, family and community. How to cite Black People, Papers Black People Free Essays In this essay I am going to compose a piece of text which will involve the tension of Segregation. In the 1930s, although 50% of the population of Southern towns were black, they had no vote and could not marry whites. Also in the 1930’s, many black people lived in the southern states. We will write a custom essay sample on Black People or any similar topic only for you Order Now During that time, racism reached its highest point. For instance, the whites treated the blacks very poorly because they thought that the blacks were lower than them. Therefore, the blacks had to fight for the right to be treated equally. As a result, black people had to face the Jim Crow Laws and the Ku Klux Klan. In my own opinion I think that the 1930 was a turbulent time for race relations in America. Paragraph 1: The first racism incident that I have spotted out and chosen to write about in my essay is when the Wallace’s’ poured kerosene over Mr Berry and his nephews and lit them on fire. One of the nephews died, the other one is alive but has the same condition as Mr Berry. The reason why the Wallace’s poured kerosene over the Berry’s was because they caught them flirting with a white woman which wasn’t allowed back then. In fact, it was not even true! The Berry’s didn’t even flirt with her. They lied about it. The quote that goes with this event was when mama (Cassies’ mum) said to her kids, â€Å"The Wallaces did that, children. They poured kerosene over Mr Berry and his nephews and lit them afire. † â€Å"Everyone knows they did it, and the Wallaces even laugh about it, but nothing was ever done. † At this right moment I feel disgusted and baffled that people could actually do this in the 1930s. The sympathy for the Wallace’s has decreased because setting fire to someone is arson and that makes Mr Wallace and his clique an arsonist. Also it makes us feel that the Wallaces are black-hearted and atrocious people, because who would want to set a person on fire? Then laugh about it. The sympathy for the Berrys has definitely increased because of what happened to both Mr Berry and his two nephews is utterly excruciating and the fact that there is no reason behind why the Wallaces did it, makes the reader feel more sorrowful for them. On the other hand in the book it says, â€Å"Disfigured man lying in the darkness† In that quote you can see how dreadful his injuries were. He was even camouflaging with the darkness; see that is real bad? Paragraph 2: The second racism incident that I found very crucial was when Cassie bumped into Lillian Jean Simms by accident but Lillian Jean still DEMANDED for a sorry and for Cassie to get on her knees instantly. As well as this was racism, it was also bullying in some kind of way because Cassie didn’t want to get on her Knees but she still got forced. â€Å"Kicking at the sidewalk, my head bowed. It was then that I bumped into Lillian Jean Simms. † Cassie really didn’t mean to bump into Lillian Jean at all but she took it over the top reacted to the bump by saying, â€Å"why don’t you watch were you’re going? † â€Å"Well apologize† â€Å"That ain’t enough. Get down in the road† This right here is what you call racism. Cassie didn’t intend to bump into Lillian Jean, it was just an accident but because Cassie is black they didn’t care at all. Cassie even got pushed around by Mr Simms. Mr Simms was even sticking up for his daughter even though she was in the wrong. Lillian Jeans’ father was saying to Cassie that when Lillian tells you that you should get off the sidewalk, you get off it. The sympathy towards Lillian Jean Simms has totally decreased because what she did was just too dramatic and it was just a ‘bump’. In my opinion Cassie did not have to go on her knees because she didn’t deliberately bump into her; all that should have been done was an apology to Lillian. My sympathy towards Cassie has increased more. The reason why I said this was because she was intimidated and forced to get on her knees even though she had already shed a tear; they didn’t care, they just wanted an apology from her. Conclusion: To sum up I think that Racism is totally unacceptable and utterly inglorious. In this novel I think that Taylor was trying to put across the fact of what the black people had to go through in the 1930s every day of their lives, and how their wouldn’t even be an us our even a peaceful world if racism was still occurring. I also think that Taylor is trying to compare today’s life to the 1930s and too see how much the black people suffered. How to cite Black People, Papers

Sustainable Energy Solutions Electric Power -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Sustainable Energy Solutions Electric Power? Answer: Introduction Creating a more sustainable system in the energy generation sector has never gained more traction than it has for the last 24 months. Notably, the renewable energy technologies have excited a lot of interest from the market players and the consumers such that the conventional energy generation techniques continued to receive a dwindling market focus. Topping the list is the need to mitigate the impacts of climate change. Water levels have drastically gone down courtesy of rapidly changing world climatic patterns due to global warming (National Hydropower Association, 2018). Consequently, the power generation capacities in hydroelectric stations have considerably gone down. On the other hand, the growth in renewable energy sector has been catapulted by a number of factors (Environmental Performance Index, 2018) . Admittedly, a huge chunk of investments have unreservedly been diverted towards establishing and fortifying the existing energy systems to make them more efficient and reliab le. For example, Installation of solar energy systems in residential homes has escalated in the recent past in a bid to boost the clean energy generation capacities. Nevertheless, the traditional energy generating systems can never be wished away. The hydroelectric power is perhaps one of the most efficient large scale energy generation systems whose sustainable nature can further be boosted by improving the current harnessing technologies. In this report, the issue of sustainable energy generation is dwelt on by considering a number of existential sustainability challenges and how they have been addressed. A specific case example is picked to illustrate the issues and discuss some of the sustainability factors that have been put in place to fortify the generation capacities. The aim is to uncover how engineering sustainability approaches have successfully been applied to hydroelectric power production plants. Notably, for the purpose of this report, sustainability in this case woul d mean the state of the plant being able to match efficiently the predetermined power generation requirements with minimum environmental degradation including the natural ecosystem surrounding the plant (Ossai, 2017). The Case Study From here henceforth the focus of discussion is on hydroelectric power plant situated in Lake Glenmaggie, Victoria. The Lake Glenmaggie power plant is among the most historically significant plants in Australia. This plant was installed in 1994 along with the other two, namely: Lake William Hovell and Eildon Pondage power plants. It has since served the Victorians by injecting 3.8 MW of power to the national grid (Ensia, 2018). Notably, environmentally friendly improvements have since been carried out on the plant and its surroundings making it one of the recreational facilities of choice to both local and international tourists. Admittedly, these achievements are as a result of a sustainable improvement plan carried out by the relevant authorities. Objective The objectives of this report include: To review the existing sustainability technologies in the selected hydroelectric power plant To comprehend the different aspects of sustainability in the context of the given case To further provide an improvement on the existing technologies so as to handle the emerging issues and issues of the future To provide an informative platform where further interrogation of the existential challenges in the sector can be highlighted Sustainability Factors As mentioned earlier, sustainability in energy generation is a term that broadly encompasses different aspects; extending to include the environmental wellbeing and a healthy ecosystem within the periphery of the hydropower plant (Iopscience.iop.org, 2018). Notably, therefore, from the review of different articles, these were the sustainable factors identified: Sedimentation challenge and the measures Due to increased human activities like deforestation, dams have been affected more than ever before by sedimentation (Niu et al., 2015). According to J Luis et al (2013), sedimentation results in the following: weakening of the safety safeguards as the deposited materials pose great danger in case of dam failure; the volume of live water is considerably reduced as the sediments get deposited in the dam; due to frequent shut downs to remove the sediments, the cost of maintenance lowers the revenue collection from the economic activity; and it also affect the surrounding natural habitat and the entire ecosystem. For example, fish pathways are often blocked leading to suffocation resulting in degradation of the aqua life which needs to be supported. Besides, dredging to remove the sediments is often a costly undertaking; however, with proper management, this problem has been efficiently handled in Lake Glenmaggie. Consequently, there has been a considerable improvement in the generation capacity of the plant. Prevention Measures Forestation and Reforestation programs were successfully launched and implemented under the sponsorship of the local community organization. More trees have been planted around the area surrounding the dam so as to minimize the amount of sediments that get eroded into the lake, besides; it serves to stabilize the surrounding soils hence making it to be less susceptible to wash down by the surface runoffs. Consequently, it resulted in more revenues streaming from the power plant and the recreational fees collected; besides, the aesthetic value of the place has gone up. Additionally, power generating capacities went up due to the improved volumes of live water (National Hydropower Association, 2018). Diversifying the socioeconomic significance As mentioned above, the improvement projects of Lake Glenmaggie power plant were focused on diversifying the plants purpose by integrating the socio-economic significance of the area. A part from power generation, which is the main purpose of the dam, it also continues to serve as a recreational facility to both local and international tourists (Pacific Hydro, 2017). Furthermore, environmental engineers helped design the beautiful waterfront in which the principles of sustainability such as minimizing wastes from the plant were considered (Ensia, 2018). Regenerative system As part of boosting the generation performance of the plant, there was need to adopt more effective harnessing technologies such as recycling of live water. What happens is that once the energy from the live water has been harnessed, it is diverted to a temporary storage unit and then pumped back to the system to supplement power generation especially in the dry season yet demand is always at peak. Although this system may prove expensive to run and maintain, in the long run it makes more economical sense (Kadier et al., 2018). Establishing the hydropower storage cells These are the storage units in which the overflows and the used live water are diverted. They are often installed near the main dam to minimize on the channeling and piping work and also to economically make sense. Although in Lake Glenmaggie dam they are yet to be installed, but they have proven to be conduits in which endless live water usage can be facilitated hence minimizing waste in harnessing potential. Besides, they provide buffering facilities during high volume water season (Bao et al., 2018). The aqua life can comfortably be supported by such developments. Further Sustainability factors It has been established that a further improvement in the mode of operation at the plant could drastically improve efficiency and minimize the wastes that is currently being experienced (Renewableenergyworld.com, 2018 Hydrosustainability.org, 2018). This could be done through a dedicated program implementation of the new technologies. Introducing new technologies A part from having the hydropower storage cells installed, another way to ensure efficiency of plant is greatly improved would be to do an overhaul of the entire technical aspects in the plant. From design of the generators to the power distribution channels to the grid, it will be necessary to undertake an overhauling assessment to identify the priority areas that are really in need of improvement and thereafter develop a plan for renovations (Kaunda, Kimambo and Nielsen, 2018). As explained earlier, running a hydropower plant is very expensive but it will be even much costly to run a plant that operates below its capacity because of the endless wastes along the power supply chain. Notably, these technologies, according to Renewable Energy World (2013), could comprise: having variable speed drives to integrate the aspect of operational flexibility such that power generation would depend on what is actually demanded at a given period of time. For example, peak hours could be between morning and evening hours; here the plant is allowed to operate at maximum capacity and when demand decreases, the plant generation performance could be adjusted downwards such that in the long run the operational costs are optimized and margins of revenue are greatly improved. Hydropower analytical toolset Plant performance monitoring in a continuous fashion is often encouraged as it facilitates value stream mapping that leads to further continuous improvement of the existing systems and make them more sustainable (Mortey et al., 2017). Energy.gov (2018) proposes a special tool-skit that can be used to undertake a plant performance analysis in real-time. The aim is to optimize the water use for power generation. The tool set comprises: hydrologic scheduling, real-time operations, day-ahead scheduling and environmental performance analysis (Energy.gov, 2018). In environmental performance analysis, it checks how plant affects the immediate environment in which the ecosystem and the natural habitat are situated. Needless to say, a further innovative solutions in this arena need to be encouraged so that the plant goes beyond power generation to include sustaining the ecological balance in the region (Issaadi, Issaadi and Khireddine, 2018). For instance, fish habitat must not be interfered with during such endeavors of improving the generation capacity of the plant (Energy.gov, 2018). Furthermore, the green energy concept must be encouraged such that the plant wastes are minimized and contribute to the restoration efforts of the ozone layer. Conclusion From the above discussion, the report has focused on providing a review on the available sustainable approaches in the arena of hydro electric power generation. Specifically, a case study was selected and the outline issues relooked. Some sustainability challenges were identified and the accompanying preventive measures were highlighted thereafter. Notably, some of the techniques currently in use will have to be further improved in order to match the ever growing list of sustainability issues. Nevertheless, through active participation of the local community, the plant and the area around the plant has effectively been improved to extend it into a recreational spot as well. For instance, the aspect of supporting the ecosystem such as the aqua life has been received well by the local community (Environmental Performance Index, 2018). This has enabled the recreational value of the area to improve tremendously. However, moving forward in the hydropower generation, there will be need of continuously improving the existing systems to match with the growing expectation list (Capik, Osman Y?lmaz and Cavusoglu, 2012) . For instance, the generator will have to be redesigned to boost its conversion efficiency so that we further minimize the conversion losses. Additionally, the area surrounding the plant, as mentioned earlier will need to be protected by adopting more stringent legislations to protect such waterfronts. Admittedly, these sustainability improvement projects are meant not only to boost the plant performance so that more power can be available at a relatively cheaper cost but also contribute to the socio-economic wellbeing of the local community through the facilitation of fish farming and establishment of urban waterfronts that boost the recreational value of the region (Lord, 2016). References Bao, H., Yang, J., Zhao, G., Zeng, W., Liu, Y. and Yang, W. (2018). Condition of setting surge tanks in hydropower plants A review.Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 81, pp.2059-2070. Capik, M., Osman Y?lmaz, A. and Cavusoglu, ?. (2012). Hydropower for sustainable energy development in Turkey: The small hydropower case of the Eastern Black Sea Region.Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 16(8), pp.6160-6172. Energy.gov. (2018).Hydropower Technology Development | Department of Energy. [online] Available at: https://energy.gov/eere/water/hydropower-technology-development [Accessed 31 Jan. 2018]. Ensia. (2018).How to make hydropower more environmentally friendly. [online] Available at: https://ensia.com/features/hydropower/ [Accessed 31 Jan. 2018]. Environmental Performance Index. (2018).Energy Sustainability Index. [online] Available at: https://archive.epi.yale.edu/indicators-in-practice/energy-sustainability-index [Accessed 31 Jan. 2018]. Hydrosustainability.org. (2018).Hydropower Sustainability - Home. [online] Available at: https://www.hydrosustainability.org/ [Accessed 31 Jan. 2018]. Issaadi, W., Issaadi, S. and Khireddine, A. (2018). Comparative study of photovoltaic system optimization techniques: Contribution to the improvement and development of new approaches.Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 82, pp.2112-2127. J Luis et al. (2013).Sustainability of hydropower as source of renewable and clean energy. IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci. 16 012050. Available at: https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1755-1315/16/1/012050/pdf [Accessed 31 Jan 2018] Kadier, A., Kalil, M., Pudukudy, M., Hasan, H., Mohamed, A. and Hamid, A. (2018). Pico hydropower (PHP) development in Malaysia: Potential, present status, barriers and future perspectives.Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 81, pp.2796-2805. Kaunda, C., Kimambo, C. and Nielsen, T. (2018).Hydropower in the Context of Sustainable Energy Supply: A Review of Technologies and Challenges. Lord, A. (2016). Citizens of a hydropower nation: Territory and agency at the frontiers of hydropower development in Nepal.Economic Anthropology, 3(1), pp.145-160. Mortey, E., Ofosu, E., Kolodko, D. and Kabobah, A. (2017). Sustainability Assessment of the Bui Hydropower System.Environments, 4(2), p.25. National Hydropower Association. (2018).Clean Sustainable - National Hydropower Association. [online] Available at: https://www.hydro.org/waterpower/why-hydro/clean-and-sustainable/ [Accessed 31 Jan. 2018]. Niu, C., Wang, Q., Chen, J., Zhang, W., Xu, L. and Wang, K. (2015). Hazard Assessment of Debris Flows in the Reservoir Region of Wudongde Hydropower Station in China.Sustainability, 7(12), pp.15099-15118. Ossai, C. (2017). Optimal renewable energy generation Approaches for managing ageing assets mechanisms.Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 72, pp.269-280. Renewableenergyworld.com. (2018).Three Ways to Increase Hydropower Efficiency and Revenues. [online] Available at: https://www.renewableenergyworld.com/articles/2013/05/three-ways-to-increase-hydropower-efficiency-and-revenues.html [Accessed 31 Jan. 2018].

J. D. Salingers the Catcher in the Rye

Introduction J. D. Salinger’s novel, The Catcher in the Rye highlights various issues that teenagers contend with in their lives. Having been published in the mid 20th century, the novel has captured the attention of numerous readers. In fact, some highlight that novel is among the best works of literature to date.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on J. D. Salinger’s the Catcher in the Rye specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It has won many prizes and praises from varied authors and readers. The protagonist of the novel, Holden Caulfield has influenced many teenagers and has become iconic figure in the context of the American society. Despite criticisms of the novel that criticize the explicit illustration of sexuality and other social issues like identity, it is imperative to notice that its influence throughout the century has been unsurpassed. This is a research paper on the novel that seeks to elucidate on the aspect of Holden’s detachment from reality. Is the Protagonist a Hero or emotionally unstable? While many readers have had an opportunity to analyze various characters throughout the book, it is important to note the protagonist, Holden Caulfield has various aspects that makes him to be a ‘hero’. At the outset, Graham points out that he has been able to resonate strongly with different readers of different social-economic backgrounds (45). Many of the readers find his work very influential owing to the way he portrays the perspectives he holds about life. This influence has made the readers to fall into the temptations of redundancy in that many of them do not question his failures and shortcomings but perceives him as a heroic character (Magill 12). This aspect of his character has made the book not only exciting but also able to elicit many commendations across all social-economic divides. There are various signs that the readers have persiste ntly ignored relating to his troubled life. Graham says that Holden falls out of four schools, an aspect that parents and readers ought not to take positively (41). To the contrary, readers opt to ignore these aspects of Holden’s life placing little emphasis on his apparent failures. As such, the book projects a character that is influential and able to convince people in what Booth and Mays refers to as minority influence (34). Further, it is recognizable that Holden suffers from mental disorders and traumas that obviously have had an effect on his perceptions and perspectives about life. The death of his brother has had an effect on his ability to project various aspects of life in a consistent and accurate manner. Besides, one of his fellow classmates commits suicide. These two sources of emotional stress have apparently impaired his ability to present his views about the world precisely and accurately (Graham 67). Nonetheless, it is through of the ability of the protagoni st to provide logical arguments that cannot match a mentally disturbed individual.Advertising Looking for research paper on american literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This makes the reader to assume that the character is of sound mind. Amazingly, it is these aspects of the book make him a hero to majority of the readers. The rationale is in his aptitude to convince his audience and influence them to dropping an objective perspective about the other characters and people in his society as depicted in the novel (Steinle 61). Another peculiar aspect of the book and a testimony that the emotional state of Holden is ailing is his apparent judgmental positions he takes about events and people. As Salinger hints, â€Å"†¦if the football team loses, and all you do is talk about girls and liquor and sex all day, and everybody sticks together in these dirty little goddam cliques† (131). Booth and Mays highlight tha t he disparages boring people and those who express insecurities (51). It is also his nature throughout the novel to philosophize about life by labeling some people as phony as the above quote depicts. The usage of the word phony to refer to members of the society who act in ways that befit their social class or their careers is rampant throughout the novel. The word phony as such, refers to those who act in a superficial way that contradicts the usage since we can argue that the protagonist is phony as well. Magill asserts that he uses his prejudice, attitude and values to judge other members of the society. This judgmental characteristic of the major character bespeaks his mental state. Nevertheless, the protagonist catches the attention of the audience by making conclusions and judgments to a heightened level that they become comical. For instance, Holden says that some people are so insensitive that their tombstones will bear the title â€Å"fuck you† (Graham 56). This ch aracteristic of the novel has made it popular and loveable among teenagers and other members of the society. The reason is that the face value of the content impairs the ability of the reader to dig deep into the book and unravel some disturbing traits about Holden.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on J. D. Salinger’s the Catcher in the Rye specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is apparent that Holden has a particular negative attitude towards human sexuality. As Aaron claims, the book portrays him as a virgin although it is clear that he is usually interested in sexual activities (3). He spends a quite significant amount of time in his life attempting to have sex in order to be like the rest of his dorm mates and peers who have had sexual experiences. Salinger says that, â€Å"If you want to know the truth, I’m a virgin. I really am. I’ve had quite a few opportunities to lose my virgini ty and all, but I’ve never got around to it yet† (91). His perspective that sex ought to happen between people who experience deep emotions about each other is long drawn. Upon realization that casual sex is another aspect of sex that he did not explore, he becomes furious. For instance, he dated Jane whom he attests to have been in love with even now that she is seeing another boy who happens to be his classmate (Magill 63). According Booth and Mays, it depicts emotional insecurity and jealousy, which projects him as a mentally disturbed teenager (34). The aspect that draws suspicion about his mental state and subjective opinions is when the tourists whom he cared little about arouse him. He picks a prostitute named Sunny at the Lavendor Hotel and assumes that it was due to a mere human weakness that is typical of phony people whom he finds to be stupid. The author uses the right naming of his characters. Protagonists second name, caul, has a lot of significance in its meaning. In other words, the author tends to insinuate a person whose is ignorant of reality since he/she has been blinded by childish points of view. Aaron asserts that it is important to notice that the author tends to explain the ways in which different people are ignorant of the actual and complex problems that occur in the world. Graham articulates that Holden (from the phrase hold on) as the name of the protagonist was indeed deliberate as he indicates that there was the need to enhance the ability to see the world from a perspective that is devoid of childhood. There is also suspicion on the emotional state of the main character especially when relating to his interaction with other characters in the book. Phoebe, who is a sibling to the protagonist, becomes infuriated with Holden’s refusal to grow up. He claims to be the only perfect person able to resist the phoniness of the world and indeed concentrate on catching the rye for the innocent (Booth and Mays 45).Advert ising Looking for research paper on american literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More His decision to leave his family and indeed become deaf mute was a question of contention that appraises the character’s state of mind. It is unusual for a character who claims to possess the ideal traits of a society to reverse his decisions owing to influence of a child (Graham 74). In reality, Phoebe is six years younger than he is and seems to understand the world better than he does. Salinger articulates this point by highlighting the protagonist saying, â€Å"The thing with kids is, if they want to grab for the gold ring, you have to let them do it, and not say anything. If they fall off, they fall off, but it’s bad if you say anything to them† (211). His shortcomings are also witnessed when he visits Mr. Antolini who had been his English teacher in search of a piece of advice. Although the former teacher seems to be wealthy of knowledge regarding human behavior in life, Holden seem to contradict even the most obvious pieces of advice he receives. He begin s to view the advice based on his prejudice and values. This is not only in contravention of a normal decision maker but also threatens to change the character’s values and beliefs. He also mistakes Mr. Antolini’s fatherly touch to homosexual urges making him to bear a negative attitude towards him (Steinle 13). Coupled with paranoia, the protagonist is explicitly suffering from mental disorder and it is surprising how the readers have opted to ignore these seemingly apparent negative traits possessed by the protagonist. Finally, the main character has realized that he has been largely swayed to assume idealistic approaches to life as opposed to being realistic. His convictions are only comparable to non-existent state in life that makes him wonder extensively about life (Aaron 73). His detachment from reality is also clear when the protagonist sees Phoebe riding carousal and joy overwhelms him. This is unusual, as it seems that the character is inclined to the idea th at joy is only present during one’s childhood. Booth and Mays assert that the character is in a mentally disturbing position that is a negative and an abnormal attribute that many readers have ignored and in turn viewed him as the main character. Nonetheless, we have seen in many occasions the protagonist changes his standpoints and his opposition to growth and is inconsistent with his values. First, the protagonist realizes that human sexuality is an important aspect of human life. Besides, it is entrenched in the culture of human beings. Holden also notices that he had been making wrong decisions about life and particularly his option to drop out of school. The protagonist’s ability to make radical changes in his life has also projected him as a hypocrite who is not consistent with his values. It is not amazing that his decisions to leave his family and head to New York were challenged by his younger sister who seems to make better decisions than he does (Graham 73). The protagonist also reviews his perception of life after his former English teacher, Mr. Antolini highlights to him that there was an apparent need to embrace humility instead of yearning to die nobly (Booth and Mays 72). This marks the realization that the world did not only require individuals who are able to cling to their convictions but also individuals who could easily adapt to the world. It seems apparent that the character also begins to view the world from a broader scope than he used to earlier before. It is also important to notice that Holden seemed to be at loggerheads with his parents, which is a cause of concern among many of his peers and siblings. As the author notes, Holden was not at the best of terms with his family and could only sneak into their home to visit Phoebe. This makes the massive influence that he imparts on the readers to be pointless. After the death of his classmates, Holden is also concerned on ways in which he can reconstruct his life and meet the demands of the society. His apparent loneliness has had a tremendous effect on his life and ought to reflect concerns that people ought not to underscore during the entire book. In fact, the author exclaims that the protagonists had gotten used to visiting the museums and had even comprehended the positions that different artifacts held within the gallery. Salinger highlights the protagonist saying, â€Å"Certain things they should stay the way they are. You ought to be able to stick them in one of those big glass cases and just leave them alone. I know that’s impossible, but it’s too bad anyway† (122). It is also important to notice that the author misunderstands the concept of catching the rye and believes that he had the role of protecting the innocent from falling into the trap of phony and pervasive life. Conclusion In sum, the level of detachment from the reality that the main character exhibits is overwhelming. Touted by many readers as the hero of th e book, Holden raises suspicions about his mental state and perception about life. Clearly, the character lacks emotional and mental stability making his conclusions and about life to be long drawn. Having suffered stress and psychological trauma, the perceptions held by the main character are inconsistent with reality making it a devastating mistake to assume the heroic role of the story. He is mistaken about people and labels people as phony in addition to making quick generalizations about life. As such, it is imperative to distinguish his emotional state and reality when branding Holden as the hero of the book. Works Cited Aaron, Jane. The Little, Brown Compact Handbook, New York: Pearson Education, 2009. Print. Booth, Alison and Mays, Kelly. The Norton Introduction to Literature, New York: Norton Publishers, 2011. Print Graham, Sarah. J.D. Salinger’s the Catcher in the Rye, New York: Routledge, 2007. Print. Magill, Frank. J. D. Salinger: Magill’s Survey of America n Literature, New York: Marshall Cavendish Corporation, 1991. Print. Salinger, Daniel. The Catcher in the Rye, New York: Blackwell Publishers, 1951. Print Steinle, Pamela. In Cold Fear: The Catcher in the Rye Censorship Controversies and Postwar American Character, Ohio: Ohio State University Press, 2000. Print. This research paper on J. D. Salinger’s the Catcher in the Rye was written and submitted by user Derr1ck to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Garbage In Garbage Out Essays

Garbage In Garbage Out Essays Garbage In Garbage Out Essay Garbage In Garbage Out Essay Name: Course: Tutor: Date: : Garbage In Garbage Out Different literature works have been used to comment on or applaud behaviors and social structures of people in a society. A society that has strong beliefs in taboos, superstitions and other cultural practices is likely to be more conservative than a society that is open to any kinds of beliefs. Moreover, a society that trains the younger generation to be discriminative will be a prejudicial society in the near future. It is therefore important that the authors understand the significance of influencing readers positively, as the readers will most likely emulate what is in the work. One of the literal works How to Date A Brown Girl (black girl, white girl or halfie) written by Junot Diaz deeply proves that literature works can portray and shape a society. How to Date A Brown Girl (black girl, white girl or halfie) is a short story that gives a concise schedule on how to date a woman and successfully indulging them in a sexual relation. The book, which mostly targets youths ironically, analyzes one of the major issues that affect both the young and older adults. The dating and sexual issue is of a great concern to parents, adolescents and youth groups. Parents are concerned with the emotional and physical consequences brought about by dating and sex while young people get concerned because of pressures that arise with the same. The author largely targets the male populace who are mostly challenged with the issue of getting a date and involving the females in sexual relations. The book analyzes different characters and behaviors portrayed by divergent women and the manner in which one can predict behaviors evidenced by the same. In one way, the author gives a stereotypical view the society through a typecast lens that portrays a lot of prejudice from an outsiders’ point of view (Kevane 77). Such literal works targeted to young people give a subjective perception of how Diaz paints an irrational picture concerning women and another irrational picture with regard to the male populace. If males were to use the outlined rules in attracting and luring women in sexual associations, then such relations would just constitute to a game thereby weakening the true meaning (Howell and Jenny 45). The society that is shaped by the writer and readers of the short story is an immoral one since it perceives sexual matters as casual rather than intimate associations. The story further portrays male desires in all relationships as being largely sexual. Depending on arguments given, such a standpoint does serve as true. Note that the same perceptions has been heavily relayed in films, advertisements and television programs that position women as individuals that need to be chased for sexual relations and the men as the chasers. When young people read such a story, they are only encouraged to try out tips given in the book in order to overcome gauges instituted by peers. As an outcome, a society that uses dating as a means towards sexual satisfaction is structured for communal disaster. Diaz categorizes girls on ethnicity and racial grounds. In the story, a stereotype given for a specific race depicts an overall characterization for the affected female populace. For example, White girls being rich in nature are always taken by their parents on the date’s residence. The writher also asserts that White girls rank as the highest in terms of sexual indulgences during the first date. The author further suggests that Spanish girls are very conservative and therefore hard to offer kisses, let alone sex. When describing African American girls, Diaz identifies them as moderately loose as opposed to White girls. The description given by the author leads the readers, who form the society, to act in two ways. One, they can either act as the book depicts or alternatively, they can act in a different manner than suggested in order to prove the author and the male populace wrong. It is significant to note that literature and the media are very influential in shaping a society (Science for All Americans Online, 2011). If the manual used by this story can get a few reliable followers, and the same is backed up by a sexually enticing program as the Lingerie where sex is depicted a casual activity similar to taking coffee in a coffee bar, then a carefree, non-intimate society will be structured. Young people would become exploitative in their relations as an approach to keeping up with peer pressure that demands for boyfriends/girlfriends and sex at all times. The bad thing about this is that young people would adapt to information that unfortunately offers the wrong information. Thus, the rate of emotional breakdowns, non-intimate sex, unplanned pregnancies, sexually transmitted infections and diseases, amongst others, would rise. The story actually misleads young individuals therefore misleading the whole society. The author advices all males to introduce their dates to pseudo-personalities in order to hide the historical roots as related to the gender factor (Kevane 78). The author further advices men that different approaches to sexual associations are necessitated across various races. All these are meant to give a man tactics and expectations when approaching a woman. Although advice given in this story might appear as a modern approach, it acts as a helpful tool towards outlining of differences between the earlier community and today’s society. In early societies, men were expected to pass through â€Å"right channels† when approaching the women for a date or marriage. In most cases, parents were greatly involved in both arrangements. In today’s society, the parents are only permitted in the initial dating/courtship experience and marriage occasion. Therefore, when the author offers tactics and expectations of how the men should date women, then it reflects a society that perceives women as mechanical rather than emotional beings. The society today is made up of people who are busy with activities that are economically beneficial and little has been left for social activities that contribute to the well being of a society (Howell and Jenny 105). These is why young people prefer getting advice and dating tactics from such books rather from their parents who would offer them a more respectful approach to the issue than the one given in the story. In a way, the book portrays that a woman’s character and actions are determined by the birth or residential location. Although this is quite general, it has some truth in it. Individuals in the American society are less conservative as compared to the Spanish society. Upholding chastity up to the marriage level is highly advocated within the Spanish community due to religious (Catholics) inclinations. In combination with other cultural practices like the influence of godparents and the extended family on a child’s growth, the Spanish girl and the American girl cannot be compared. It is significant to note that young people are not very keen on authors or film producer/scriptwriter. All they care about is the content in terms of practicality and interest levels. Authors and the media are only guided by sales and keeping an audience attracted towards attaining larger followers. In most circumstances, the more the popular sells, the more appropriate it becomes for the media in terms of monetary inflows. Thus, the values and lessons gotten from these works mold a majority of people in the society. Communities present in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries did not evidence a high significance of influence from foreign societies (Howell and Jenny 65). This is why societal members molded their ways in accordance to what surrounded them. Literature and media works within the given periods were educative and those that offered information outside the norm were regarded as immaterial and thus could not be permitted in the society. When a short story such as this is passed on to the society, young people are instilled with destructive values and beliefs. Males would be perceived as stereotypical beings whereas women would be viewed as mechanical individuals. By reading such kinds of works, affected societies would have no respect towards women since they would only be visualized as means towards sexual encounters. Men would be visualized as cruel and inconsiderate people. It is true that the number of divorces is on the increase in the American society today than in the same society during the conservatism period. One of the major causes of such minimal divorce occurrences was the purpose attached to marriage. If wedded individuals are joined in order to satisfy the ego as the author depicts, then such a marriage cannot last. In retrospect, societies are molded by people’s values, belief systems and rules. What is fed within one’s system is actually depicted on the outside in form of actions. The influence of the media and literal works in the society plays a major role in the way that a society and especially young people turn out to be. How women respect men and how men perceive women are all depicted in Diaz’s work. If more and more people are to read such works then accompany that knowledge with media programs and shows evidencing similar approaches, then a selfish and inconsiderate society is structured. Therefore, values and the knowledge handed down by authors and the rest of the society should strive in imparting positive influence to the people. Howell, Jude Jenny Pearce. Civil society and development: a critical exploration. New York: Lynne Rienner Publishers, Inc., 2002. Print. Kevane, Bridget. Latino literature in America. Goleta: Greenwood Publishing Group, 2003. Print. Science for All Americans Online. Chapter 7: Human Society. Web Project 2061, 2011. Web. 20 Oct. 2011.

Memorial Day Quotes by Ronald Reagan

Memorial Day Quotes by Ronald Reagan Fortieth President of the United States, Ronald Reagan was a man of many colors. Starting his career as a radio broadcaster and then as an actor, Reagan moved on to serve the nation as a soldier. He finally jumped into the political arena to become one of the stalwarts of American politics. Although he started his political career quite late in life, it took him no time to reach the Holy Grail of US politics. Ronald Reagan won the elections and was appointed as the President of United States of America in 1980. Reagan Was a Good Communicator It is a well-known fact that Ronald Reagan was a good communicator. His speeches inspired millions all over the world. He had the knack of reaching every American soul with his stirring words. His critics dismissed his achievements, claiming that he smooth-talked his way into the White House. But he silenced his critics by serving two full terms as President. Reagan proved that he was not full of hot air; he was a President who meant business. Military Climate During Reagans Tenure When Reagan became ​president, he had inherited a disheartened military, which had gone through the ravages of the Vietnam War. But Reagan saw this as an opportunity for America to brace herself through the Cold War. In fact, Reagan was instrumental in bringing the Cold War to an end because of his suave diplomacy and calculated military strategies. It was the dawn of a new era in American politics. Reagan, along with his Russian compatriot Mikhail Gorbachev had accelerated the peace movement by ending the Cold War. Soviet Unions Love-Hate Relationship With Reagan Ronald Reagan hugely appreciated American values of freedom, liberty, and unity. He espoused these principles in his speeches. Reagan spoke about his vision of a vibrant America, calling it a shining city on a hill. He later clarified his metaphor by saying, In my mind, it was a tall proud city built on rocks stronger than oceans, wind-swept, God-blessed, and teeming with people of all kinds living in harmony and peace.Though Reagan was widely criticized for building up the arms race with the Soviet Union, many understood this as a necessary evil to mitigate the Cold War. Reagans gamble paid off when the Soviet Union, encouraged by Americas flexed muscles, chose to pull the nuclear arms race into reverse gear. Reagan expressed his revulsion for war by saying, It is not bombs and rockets but belief and resolve it is humility before God that is ultimately the source of Americas strength as a nation. Reagans Famous Words on Memorial Day On Memorial Day, Ronald Reagan addressed America with passionate words. His words touched a chord in every heart. Reagan spoke of patriotism, heroism, and freedom in moving words. His impassioned speeches reminded Americans that they had bought their freedom with the blood of the martyrs who died defending the nation. Reagan heaped praise on the families of martyrs and veterans. Read some Memorial Day quotes by Ronald Reagan below. If you share his enthusiasm and spirit, spread the message of peace on Memorial Day.   May 26, 1983:  I dont have to tell you how fragile this precious gift of freedom is. Every time we hear, watch or read the news, we are reminded that liberty is a rare commodity in this world.Arlington National Cemetery, May 31, 1982:  The United States and the freedom for which it stands, the freedom for which they died, must endure and prosper. Their lives remind us that freedom is not bought cheaply. It has a cost; it imposes a burden. And just as they whom we commemorate were willing to sacrifice, so too must we- in a less final, less heroic way be willing to give of ourselves.May 25, 1981:  Today, the United States stands as a beacon of liberty and democratic strength before the community of nations. We are resolved to stand firm against those who would destroy the freedoms we cherish. We are determined to achieve an enduring peace- a peace with liberty and with honor. This determination, this resolve, is the highest tribute we can pay to the many who have fallen in the s ervice of our Nation. Arlington National Cemetery, May 31, 1982Our goal is peace. We can gain that peace by strengthening our alliances, by speaking candidly about the dangers before us, by assuring potential adversaries of our seriousness, by actively pursuing every chance of honest and fruitful negotiation.May 26, 1983:  We owe this freedom of choice and action to those men and women in uniform who have served this nation and its interests in time of need. In particular, we are forever indebted to those who have given their lives that we might be free.Arlington National Cemetery, May 31, 1982:  I cant claim to know the words of all the national anthems in the world, but I dont know of any other that ends with a question and a challenge as ours does: Does that flag still wave oer the land of the free and the home of the brave? That is what we must all ask.October 27, 1964:  You and I have a rendezvous with destiny. We will preserve for our children this, the last best hope of man on earth, or we wi ll sentence them to take the first step into a thousand years of darkness. If we fail, at least let our children and our childrens children say of us we justified our brief moment here. We did all that could be done. Phoenix Chamber of Commerce, March 30, 1961:  Freedom is never more than one generation away from extinction. We did not pass it to our children in the bloodstream. It must be fought for, protected, and handed on for them to do the same, or one day we will spend our sunset years telling our children and our childrens children what it was once like in the United States where men were free.

A systematic review of the effect of midwifery care for the bladder in Dissertation

A systematic review of the effect of midwifery care for the bladder in labour - Dissertation Example 3 p. 25 Fig. 4 p. 34 Fig. 5 p. 34 Table 1 p. 31 Table 2 p. 48 Chapter 1 Introduction Urinary incontinence (UI) is now being considered as one of the most prevalent conditions worldwide (Lapitan, 2009). Studies have shown that UI affects both men and women. However, it has also been observed that there is a significant difference in the distribution of UI between men and women. Agazzoti, Pesci, Gresce et al (2000) have found out that the prevalence of UI is significantly higher to women than men and that the difference in prevalence becomes more apparent if age is factored. In addition, it is also been learned that women have twice increased chances of being incontinent compared with men (Lapitan, 2009). This finding supports other studies claiming that women have risk increased in becoming incontinent (Ueda, Tamaki, Kageyama et al., 2000; Nelson, Fumer, Jesudason et al., 2001). Pregnancy and postpartum women are a special group with high prevalence of UI. Pregnancy –associated UI is considered as a transient condition in lieu of changes in the body of the pregnant woman, which â€Å"includes fluctuating hormonal levels, increased urine production and changes in the position and relations of pelvic structures in relation to the enlarging uterus occurring during gestation† (Lapitan, 2009, p. 4 -5). On the other hand, postpartum UI is attributed to the changes in the pelvic floor anatomy after childbirth. This condition is believed to be persistent among women (O’Connell, Hannah, Bailey et al., 2002). In effect, there are sufficient studies supporting the claim that there is prevalence of UI among pregnant women and women, in general (O’Connell, et al., 2002; Peake & Menderson, 2003; Samuelsson, Victor & Tibblin, 1997). In the face of this reality, the significant role of midwives in determining the extent of UI of pregnant women is essential in preparing and providing the necessary care that pregnant women needs as they undergo physiol ogical and social changes inherent in pregnancy. Although UI is not life threatening, studies have shown it contributes to a diminish quality of life (Lapitan, 2009; Wagg et al., 2007). In this regard, gaining an understanding of how midwives view incontinence in relation with pregnancy and labour provides a foundation with which responsive to the problem of UI can be framed. As such, this research will be dealing with midwives’ perception pertinent to bladder care. Background of the Study Pregnancy is a complex physiological and social event. However, the increasing intervention of medical technology and medical intervention in pregnancy have contributed to the medicalisation of pregnancy. Although the medicalisation of pregnancy has reduced significantly maternal mortality rate, there is now an increasing question regarding its necessity in terms of normal labour (Johanson, Newburn & Mcfarlane, 2002). The need for approach to pregnancy and birth not only from the perspectiv e physiology, but also from the view of the person – the pregnant woman- is increasingly gaining ground. In other words, the call for being

Impact of Leadership and Motivation on Organizational Culture and Essay

Impact of Leadership and Motivation on Organizational Culture and Performance - Essay Example A review of a considerable proportion of existing literature that has been published in the field of leadership and its impacts on organizational culture and performance finds that these three factors have been independently interconnected. Experiential researchers have mentioned that a true leader will always play a crucial role in enhancing organizational culture and subsequently performance. Furthermore, a number of aspects of the organizational culture literature imply that the role played by leaders in a critical enabler of creation and maintenance of specific types of culture. Equally, the literature published in the field of leadership states that the capability of understanding and work in a culture is a prerequisite to becoming an effective leader. However, in spite of the inherent and explicit linkage between leadership, organizational culture and performance are segments of organizational theory, very little concentration has been devoted to understanding the association b etween the concepts and the effect that such a relationship may have on organizational performance. The deficiency of critical literature exploring the performance repercussion of the links between leadership and organizational culture is highly surprising given the fact that there are plenty of reference regarding the references to the importance of leadership and organizational culture as far as the smooth functioning of an organization is concerned. A brief overview of the history of literature regarding the topic of leadership finds that the researches on leadership and organizational performances can be broadly classified into a number of relevant categories. Early researches on leadership emphasized on identifying the personality traits that characterized successful leaders. According to trait theories successful leaders are born and they have certain instinctive qualities that differentiate them from no leaders. However, the difficulty in classifying and corroborating these a ttributes led to a pervasive criticism that in turn paved way for the emergence of style and behavioral leadership approaches. Behavioral and style oriented leadership shifted the focus away from the attributes possessed by leaders to the behavior exhibited by them.

Looking for Alabrandi and the Simple Gift Essay Example for Free

Looking for Alabrandi and the Simple Gift Essay Good morning teachers and fellow students. The idea that we continue on as we are: unchanged, unchanging is unbelievably illogical. In a time and world where things are constantly changing, it is impossible to be in existence without being affected by the process of change. Changes are inevitable, and they are happening everywhere around us. This idea is portrayed in the Prescribed film â€Å"Looking for Alibrandi† and my ORT The Simple Gift by Steven Herrick. The meeting of two personalities is like the contact of two chemical substances if there is a reaction, both are transformed. This quote by Psychologist Carl Jung is clearly evident in both texts looking for Alibrandi and The Simple Gift. During the opening scene of the film looking for Alibrandi there is a Qantas plane taking off or departing likewise in the Simple Gift the symbol of Change is more dramatic with Billy illegally riding the freight train out of town; he is unsure where he will end up. This is very contrasting to the symbolism of leaving in looking for Alibrandi where Josie believes she knows exactly what she wants to do, where she wants to go and who she wants to marry. Josie Meets Jacob Coote from cook high at a public speaking event, the two have an instant reaction it could even be described by chemical. Josie and Jacob are portrayed as opposites Josie’s believes that she is better than Jacob. When the Sydney schools have the first social event of the year Josie looks to John Barton (the son of the national liberal party leader) But john never asks her it is Jacob that asks her to dance, Jacob Says â€Å"It’s a pity you’re not school captain we could have been perfect† this highlights that Jacob is aware of Josie’s views towards him. In The Simple Gift Billy’s life changes significantly, as does Old Bill’s. When readers first get to know Old Bill, the technique of recounting is used as we learn why he is a homeless man. When Billy enters Old Bill’s life, he is prompted to change the way he lives. At first, Old Bill opposes these changes, as he swears â€Å"piss off kid†. He then begins to accept the changes as we observe him getting up early, having showers and quitting drinking. Old Bill’s attitudes towards change develop through the novel and by the end, he looks forward to change as he deals with his past When Billy first becomes homeless I believe that this moment is the catalyst for change in Billy’s life. Billy meets many challenges in this new place, such as where to sleep and where to find food. He meets these challenges head up, as he is determined to enter this new world and make a new life for himself. He sleeps in an old train carriage, and most of his meals are scraps from McDonalds. His attitude towards this change is enthusiastic and he feels that this change is beneficial for him. Josie meets thernominal challenges also with the death of John Barton, Josie’s world is thrown into turmoil and Josie seeks answers as to why someone like John Barton with all the things he had going for him would commit suicide. And asks the rhetorical question â€Å"I wonder what his parents will do with the sheets, will they throw them away or will they scrub and scrub so that they can always sleep on them.† Josie is in an emotional state for quite a while. One day on the train Josie and Jacob cross paths and Josie has a break down, Jacob comforts her. I believe that this is the catalyst of change for Josie between her and Jacob. Josie’s Initial reaction to her father Michael Andretti coming back into her life was nothing short of her dismissing him as a useless selfish object. This is parallel with the reaction of Billy towards his father. This is supported by the extracts ‘soulless tyranny’ of â€Å"the old bastard’ his father. This technique of expletive language is used to depict the poor relationship he shared with his father. I believe that Josie chooses to have a positive relationship with her father when she calls him after Josie hits Carly with one of her ancient history textbook. Michael gets Josie out of trouble at school and also changes Josie’s perception about fathers Josie now believes that fathers have a use, she is also growing quite fond of her father. Josie now stays at her father apartment on Sydney harbor on most weekends and enjoys spending time with her father. In the closing scene of the film it is exactly one year later on tomato day again and the picture quality is a lot sharper this conveys that Josie is clear about her decision to be there and even invites her friends over this time. The key idea conveyed in both â€Å"Looking for Alibrandi† and â€Å"The simple Gift† is quite nicely summed up by â€Å"The meeting of two personalities is like the contact of two chemical substances if there is a reaction, both are transformed† this is clearly evident in both with Josie’s relationships with Jacob Coote and her father Michael Andretti and Also for Billy with his relationships with Old Bill and Caitlin.

Big Brook :: Personal Narrative Fishing Essays

Big Brook â€Å"When you leave this place, you will always remember the nights fishin’ up on Big Brook,† my father once told me. And to this day I have never forgotten my experiences up on that little tributary of the Namakagon River in northern Wisconsin. My father always dreams of the old days when he would go out with a creel over his shoulder and catch a meal of fish. Work takes too much of his time now, but I remember the times we would go up to Big Brook after work and spend the last hours before the sun set fishing our favorite holes in hopes for a big trout to bite. I remember this now, many years later, but my memories are still perfectly clear. We would get home from work, dad would say, â€Å"Alright, I am goin’ up to Big Brook, if ya wanna come with, I am leavin’ in five.† This was our cue, my brothers and I would drop everything we were doing, grab our rods, and head out to the garden to pick a handful of worms. The garden was always the best spot for the worms; they seemed to love the dark rich soil and always grew the biggest. Even though we dug them every week, there would always seem to be more the next time we went out. When we arrived at the meandering stream, Dad would say, â€Å"Alright, I get the first 100 yards downstream, everything else is open season for you all to fight about.† My brothers would usually get the section just upstream, cause they were bigger, and I didn’t have much say in the matter. So there we were, all the guys in the family on the river, my father heading to his favorite spot, my brothers marching upstream together, and I left to make my way downstream, through the blackberry brush to the beaver pond. When I left the river to walk downstream all the difficulties from the day were left behind. I walked through a grove of aspen, and looking under a clump of brush I saw a cottontail rabbit, but he knew, if he didn’t move I wouldn’t see the little guy; so I passed quietly, in hopes not to scare him. As I walked I would be occasionally wafted with the smell of wild roses, or the smell of fresh air that would blow through the trees.

Acetone Research Paper

Acetone is an extremely popular solvent that is used in rubber, resin, plastics, lacquers, varnishes, and rubber cements. It is also used in the creation of fats, oils, and waxes where is a primary component. Acetone has many uses in modern technology including those that relate to the medical field and various domestic uses. It is a very important organic compound found in everyday life, but it is also a toxin and can be an extremely dangerous environmental pollutant.Acetone has many valuable uses in modern life and many American companies use Acetone as one of their key components to many household items. There are many ways that Acetone is used everyday. One of the most common purposes of Acetone and one of its most well known, is the use of Acetone as a primary ingredient in nail polish remover. Acetone is also commonly found in the use of artist and craft makers. Similar to nail polish remover, Acetone can be used in other artistic agents. A common use of Acetone is for the remo val of residues off metals, glass, and porcelain.It also commonly used as a remover of superglue. Acetone is also used greatly by make-up artists in order for them to easily remove skin glues and adhesives from fake moustaches and wig materials. There have been many claims that Acetone is dangerous to the humans due to concentrated exposure from these very sources, which has been proven true. Concentrated exposure has been proven on numerous occasions to have an adverse affect upon humans. There are many negative health effects from exposure to Acetone, and each one differs from different types of exposure.According to the National Pesticide Information, there four ways exposure to Acetone can occur. The first is through inhalation, which can cause the symptoms of confusion, coughing, dizziness, headaches, sore throat, and unconsciousness. The second form of exposure is through direct contact with the skin. This can cause dry skin and rashes. The third way is exposure to the eyes, w hich can cause redness, irritation, pain, blurred vision, and possible cornea damage. The fourth and final way of exposure is from ingestion.Ingestion can cause the same symptoms as inhalation as well as the possibility of nausea and vomiting. Clearly, there are many health risks to the exposure of Acetone. Along with these mentioned symptoms, there have also been studies that have shown possible dangerous and long-term health risks to concentrated exposure. These studies have shown that concentrated exposure has lead to fainting and long-term effects have shown to be kidney, liver, and nerve damages. There have also been studies that support that birth defects and male reproductive problems were also health concerns due to long-term exposure.While there appear to many health risks due to exposure of Acetone, Acetone itself is actually considered a relatively safe compound if used properly. According to The National Health and Medical Research Council, Acetone has been rates General ly Recognized as Safe. Many manufacturing companies see Acetone as safe is exposure is minuscule and to the minimum. Because of this, Acetone can be found in beverages, pastries, desserts, processed and unprocessed foods, and is also found in a variety cosmetic and beauty products.While Acetone is considered to be only slightly hazardous to many manufacturing companies, it is important to recognize what Acetone truly is. Allow Acetone exhibits relatively low dangerous properties, it can deadly when properly exposed. Acetone is still considered a toxic chemical and can cause devastating destruction if exposed as an environmental pollutant. While Acetone does not pose much threat to humans in moderate doses, just slight exposure to the environment can completely upset an ecosystem. When exposed to the environment, Acetone is typically found polluting groundwater areas.This is due to Acetone’s high water solubility in water. In water, Acetone can cause great health defects to wi ldlife. Because common groundwater would be the home and drinking source of many organisms, Acetone pollution can quickly cause health problems and sicknesses in a surrounding ecosystem. The most common wildlife affected by Acetone are those that are water based. Studies have shown that fish and amphibians exposed to high levels of Acetone have numerous internal health defects, which include deformation to the reproductive organs.Acetone has also been shown to cause a risk of oxygen depletion in these aquatic areas. Acetone is also known to evaporate relatively quickly, which allows it to dissipate and spread into the atmosphere even when properly disposed of. Acetone is one of the most used solvents in the world and is found in numerous consumer products. From an economic standpoint, Acetone is found to be a relatively safe chemical. However studies have shown that exposure to Acetone can lead to adverse effects in humans. Acetone has also been shown to be an extremely deadly envir onmental pollutant, which can destroy ecosystems.

Kap Report Endline September 2012

KNOWLEDGE ATTITUDES AND PRACTICES (KAP) END-LINE ASSESSMENT On Water, Sanitation and Hygiene LOLKUACH Village, IDPs of Akobo September-2012 DRC-Gambella WASH Team Conducted in the frame of an ECHO funded project â€Å"Improving access to short-term food security, safe drinking water, hygiene and basic household items in Ethiopia† Wanthowa Worda, Gambella, Ethiopia September 30, 2012 i TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 2 3 3. 1 INTRODUCTION SUMMARY OF FINDINGS METHODOLOGY Objectives of the Survey 1 2 3 3 4 4. 1 FINDINGS General Background Information 4 4 5 5. 1 5. 2 5. 3 WATER RELATED INFORMATIONWater Sources Water collection and storage Household Water Treatment 5 5 9 11 6 6. 1 6. 2 HEALTH AND HYGIENE Diseases Washing Hands and Good Hygienic Practices 12 12 15 7 7. 1 7. 2 SANITATION Defecation Waste and Waste Management 18 18 20 8 9 CONCLUSION RECOMMENDATIONS 23 24 25 10 REFERENCES i 1 Introduction The 2012 report states that as of end of 2010: Over 780 million people are still without acce ss to improved sources of drinking water and 2. 5 billion lack improved sanitation. If current trends continue, these numbers will remain unacceptably high in 2015: 605 million people will be without an improved drinking water source and 2. billion people will lack access to improved sanitation facilities. An estimated 801,000 children younger than 5 years of age perish from diarrhea each year, mostly in developing countries. This amounts to 11% of the 7. 6 million deaths of children under the age of five and means that about 2,200 children are dying every day as a result of diarrheal diseases. Unsafe drinking water, inadequate availability of water for hygiene, and lack of access to sanitation together contribute to about 88% of deaths from diarrheal diseases (UNICEF, WHO, 2012: 2; Center of Disease Control and Prevention, 2012).As to Andrea Naylor: although worldwide there have been thousands of projects to address water and sanitation issues as they relate to public health with c ontinued improvements since the 1980’s, research has shown that due to lack of evaluation surveys on the effectiveness and success of these interventions, many are not sustainable . To this end, the essence of conducting end-line survey is very critical to gauge the effectiveness and success of the interventions of DRC-Gambella. The Gambella Region has an approximately population of 332,600 people, with 49,457 living in Akobo and Wantawo Woredas.These populations are subjected to water shortage and floods. Moreover the population is prevalently pastoralist and follows seasonal migration patterns for cattle grazing and protection of livestock from drought and floods. The perennial attacks by the Murle tribe, coupled with intra-clan conflicts among the Nuer tribes of Ethiopia and South Sudan, aggravates a situation of chronic displacement, making populations of bordering areas, especially Akobo, susceptible of massive and prolonged internal displacements.Conflicts, drought and floods are the key challenges to the populations in Akobo and in Wantawo. The consequent perennial movement makes the community vulnerable to food insecurity, disease and water shortage. It is in view of this that Danish Refugee Council seeks to address in the short term the basic needs of these populations by providing access to clean drinking water, and tools to improve hygiene and to build the capacity of the community to respond to these challenges. From the period of July 2011 to June 2012, DRC implemented a Water, Sanitation and Hygiene project, funded by ECHO, with the goal of rehabilitating 7 hand pumps (and subsequently chlorinating the water), distributing NFI kits, hygiene kits, and implementing hygiene promotions. DRC decided to conduct two in-depth KAP surveys (as a baseline and endline) to evaluate the impact brought by the implementation of the project in the targeted area.The baseline survey was conducted in the month of May 2012 and the end line survey was conducted in the second week of September 2012. In the period between the two surveys, a number of activities covering water, sanitation and hygiene were implemented in the frame of the project. 2 Summary of Findings Project outputs and behaviour and knowledge change (as indicated by the pre and post implementation KAP surveys) indicate the following key findings: o o o o o o Seven hand pumps were rehabilitated/ disinfected Hygiene promotion targets were surpassed. planned: 5,490 beneficiaries; 10,950 reached) Hygiene kit distributions were surpassed (planned: 2,250 beneficiaries; 8,870 reached) NFI kit distributions were surpassed (planned 6,300 beneficiaries; 7,470 reached) The number of respondents who use hand pumps as source of water increased from 4% to 75% Knowledge and practice of feasible water purification practices such as boiling, filtration or adding tablet/sachet has been greatly improved Instance of diarrhoea has decreased from 60% to 24% of respondents stating that they had h ad diarrhea in during the 3 weeks prior to the survey Knowledge that rain water is a safe drinking water source has improved from 24% to 62% of respondents, however, the use of rain water remains limited.Knowledge of the causes of unsafe drinking water (including germs, visible particles and bad taste) increased from 40% to 81%. The practice of open defecation has reduced from 100% to 15% of respondents. Hand washing at critical times has increased from 34% to 85% of respondents. 2 o o o o o o o Appropriate waste disposal mechanisms improved from 39. 2% in baseline to 75% of respondents.. Although there has been an improvement in the knowledge of respiratory and eye infection transmission/protection, there is still room for improvement 3 Methodology A cross sectional, qualitative study was conducted through house to house interviews, taking 150 respondents randomly as study subjects. The sample represents nearly 10% of the total targeted household 1 n Lolkuach village (1,500 househo ld). The questionnaire (See Annex I) was employed to collect data on general background information, knowledge, attitude and practices of the IDPs of Lolkuach village. However the results can also be considered pertinent for the host communities if considering the cultural and environmental homogeneity. Verbal consent from the respondents was obtained after explaining the purpose of the study. Data was collected from 13 to 14 September 2012. The data from the questionnaires was entered into SPSS software (version 13) by the principal investigators for further analysis. Data reliability was assured using different techniques such as: ?Properly designed questionnaires were prepared and pretested. ? Data collectors were hired locally and tested during the training on the contents of the questionnaire. Constant supervision was done by DRC WASH Team Leader, and problems encountered at the time of data collection were reported immediately and appropriate actions taken. 3. 1 Objectives of the Survey ? To identify gaps in knowledge regarding health and hygiene practices and existing practices leading to negative impact on health. ? ? To describe the socio demographic, cultural information of respondents and villages. To find out the information on incidence of communicable disease due to unhygienic practice. 1It is estimated, on the base of IOM Akobo IDPs database, that the number of households currently living in Lolkuach is 1500 and average family size is 5. 3 ? To assess the effectiveness and impact of the DRC water, sanitation and hygiene promotion activities. 4 Findings 4. 1 General Background Information The beneficiaries of the programme, and KAP survey respondents are all part of the displaced NuerGajok population from Akobo Woreda now living in Wantawo. Among the KAP survey respondents, the majority (about 65 %) were female, whereas 35% were male. Females were particularly targeted for the KAP survey, as they were the primary recipients/participants in the DR C project, and are traditionally responsible for child care and household WASH issues.This survey was conducted near the end of the rainy season, in Lolkuach IDP settlement. Respondents reported moving between the river banks temporary camps and dry land permanent villages according to seasonal variations. During the dry season, the majority of the respondents live in Dimbierow village (79%), and Nyawich village (17%), while only 4 % of the respondents indicated that they live in Lolkuach village throughout all the year. However there are frequent movements among the settlements throughout all the year. Most of the respondents (86. 2%) indicated that they arrived at Lolkuach between February and June 2009 following a recurrence of conflict with Lou Nuer in Akobo woreda.Minority of the respondents arrived during the same period of 2008 (12. 8%) or 2010 (1 %). Most of the respondents therefore have been displaced since 2009. When respondents were asked if they plan to return to their villages of origin, a pronounced number (55%) indicated that they don’t have any plans to return due to security problems (expressed as ‘war’, ‘conflict’, ‘insecurity’). The remaining 45% of the respondents indicated that they plan to return back in the future if the security situation is restored and the construction of the road from Mathar to Akobo is finalized. In this regard, as it can be observed from the baseline survey, no significant difference noted in the end line survey.However looking in detail at the positive answers (from the 45% of respondents), 21% expressed a plan to go back within six months and the remaining 34% indicated a time longer than six months. Moreover even the respondents who indicated that they have a plan to return back to 4 Kebele of origin also mentioned their fear about the security situation (expressed as ‘if peace come back’, ‘if cattle raiding ends’, if the construction of th e road to Akobo is completed and similar). 5 Water Related Information 5. 1 Water Sources Before the project interventions, the baseline data indicated that almost 100% of the respondents were accessing unsafe drinking water from the river, which is contaminated from the presence of livestock and open defecation. At the end of the project implementation, the hand pump aintenance/rehabilitation/water chlorination, coupled with pure sachet distributions, bucket distributions, and hygiene promotions resulted in a significant positive change. As you can observe from the Figure 1, the majority of the respondents are now using water from newly maintained/rehabilitated hand pumps. Due to seasonal movement however, the proportion of respondents using hand pumps during the dry season reduces, as many of the beneficiaries move to areas without hand pumps. The following graph outlines both the shift in hand pump use (pre and post intervention), and also the relation of this use in terms of sea sons. There are still not sufficient hand pumps in Lolkuach area to support the population however, which explains why 100% of the respondents are not using these protected sources.Considering that the 7500 inhabitants of Lolkuach, Thore and Lolmokoney have only 7 hand-pumps (hand dug wells), this is insufficient as per SPHERE standards)2 , highlighting the need to construct new hand pumps. 2 Considering the maximum number of users for 1 hand pump should be 500, at least 15 hand pumps would be needed in Lolkuach 5 Seasonal Use of Protected Water Sources – Pre and Post Intervention 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Dry Season Rainy Season % of Respondents Seasons Baseline Endline Figure 1: Shift in Use of Protected Water Sources (KAP baseline an d end-line) Seven hand pumps in Lolkuach and surrounding villages were disinfected and beneficiaries received pure sachet as well bucket and filter.From the findings, the graph below states that it is only 27% of the respondents indicat ed that the main problems with their water source are water is dirty and it tastes bad. Whereas 40. 7% of the respondents also signified that the water source is far. Problems Related to Water Supply 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Dirty Water Bad Taste Irregular FlowSource is Dried Distance to No problems Up Source % Respondents Baseline Endline Water Source Issues Figure 2: Main problems related to water supply. 6 Consequently 63% of the respondents consider the water they are using is safe for drinking, and 33% consider it is unsafe instead (Figure 3).This represents a reduction in the proportion of respondents who stated that they were using unsafe water from 77% in the baseline to 33% in the end-line survey. Of these 33% of respondents who noted that they were drinking unsafe water, 8% of the respondents were using hand dug wells (Which were rehabilitated by DRC) as source of water for drinking. Figure 3: consideration of water safety Figure 4: reasons why 33% declared water i s unsafe In relation to the safety of water, the reason why 33% of respondents declared that they are using unsafe water is mainly because the water contains germs, is not filtered and not cleaned. This shows that their understanding about the causes of unsafe water has improved since the baseline (Figure 4).When it comes to use of rainwater as source, though improvement is registered, much needs to be done to bring about significant change. Considering the shortage of safe water sources in the area observed by DRC, and the abundant rain-fall in Gambella region3, reasons for not using the rainwater (which is almost distilled4) were assessed more closely. Although the number of respondents who believe that 3 The annual rain falls in Gambella region ranges between 800 and 1200mm, but about 85% of rains are concentrated between May-October (Woube, 1999). 4 In this regards, Dev Sehgal, indicated that rainwater harvesting is an easy method to collect drinking water, and the quality of th e water is almost distilled.First when the water touches the catchment surface it usually gets contaminated (Dev Sehgal, 2005). 7 rainwater is unsafe has reduced from 76% to 38% of respondents, more can be done to raise awareness on this water collection method. Of the 38% of respondents who would not collect rain water given the choice, the principal reasons were given as follows: Figure 5: Investigation about unused rain water When questioned on their knowledge of safe drinking water and water pollution causes, respondents were given the option of providing more than one answer. The number of respondents who indicated that drinking water shouldn’t have germs, visible particles and/or bad taste, increased from 40% at the baseline to 81. 3% at the end-line.The respondents who indicated that the proximity of a latrine to water sources can cause water contamination increased from 7. 2% in the baseline to 15% in the end-line survey. In this regards, water quality and health coun cil indicated that especially the proximity of latrine to water sources can cause Removing the first harvested water, so-called first flush, can prevent this. When the rain starts to fall the first water cleans the catchment surface and fills up the first flush diverter, by the time it is full a ball closes the opening and leads the water to the main tank. The downside of rainwater harvesting is that it requires double storage, as it is hard to purify water at the same speed as it rains (Gould, J. & Nissen-Petersen, E. , 2005). 8 contamination .The majority of the respondents (85%) also indicated that garbage disposal or animals feces containers near a water source, or unprotected source can cause water contamination (Figure7). 5 Knowledge of Causes of Water Source Pollution 100 90 80 % Respondents 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Defecation Nearby Garbage Nearby Dirty Container Causes of Pollution Figure 7: Knowledge of Water Source Pollutants Baseline Endline Although only a small proportio n of respondents acknowledge that water can be contaminated through the ground from a latrine constructed too close to a water source, 95% of respondents are now aware that defecation near a water source is a pollutant, resulting in a change of behavior in which open defecation has reduced from 100% in the baseline to 15% in the end-line survey. 5. 2 Water collection and storageFrom the Figure 8, it can be observed that nearly 50% of respondents less than 50 minutes to fetch water during dry seasons6, meaning that SPHERE standards for these respondents are met for watersource distance because of the rehabilitations of the hand pump in the vicinity of the village. Concerning rainy season, it can be observed that respondents spend more time getting water. As it is observed, respondents need to travel some distance to fetch water and during the dry season respondents also move to river banks. Hence, this can make the access to hand pump difficult. So besides constructing 5 The causes o f water pollution vary and may be both natural and anthropogenic.However, the most common causes of domestic water pollutions includes : garbage disposal and defecation near water sources, animals feces, sharing the same sources with animals, use of dirty or open water container can affect the safety of our water . Use (Water Quality and Health Councils, 2010; CAWST, 2009; Laurent, P. , 2005). 6 According to SPHERE key indicators, the maximum distance from any household to the nearest water point is 500 metres 9 new hand pumps, encouraging the community for rain water catchment strategy is very essential at household at household level. 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0-50 50-100 Min 100-250 Min More than 250 Dry Season Rainy SeasonFigure 8: Average time spent to collect water Given that water collection requires women and girls to walk distances to find water sources, there may be heightened protection issues for these family members, although protection was not assessed in the KAP. Questio n posed to respondents on what devices that they are using to store and collect water indicated that 55% of the respondents are using plastic jerry cans to collect water and 34% of the respondents use plastic bucket for water collection. For storing water, nearly 33% of the respondents use traditional clay pot and plastic jerry cans; the rest 36% of the respondents indicated plastic jerry cans or buckets with lid.DRC distributed NFI (Contains 2 Jerry cans each 20 litters among others) and Hygiene kits (Contains 2 Buckets each 10 litters among other) to 302 and 283 households respectively living in Lolkuach areas. To this end, most of the respondents own more than one container. But still those who didn’t receive water storage and collection device also were among the respondents who took part in the survey, we can 10 observe that 70% of respondents meet the minimum SPHERE7 requirement for water collection container, and 74% meet the requirement8 for water storage. Whereas in the baseline, it was noted that only 50% of the respondents met the requirement for water storage and collection devices. 5. 3 Household Water TreatmentThe knowledge of practical purification methods like boiling, filtration or adding tablet/sachet was assessed. As it can be observed from Figure 12, there is great leap in knowledge of the basic methods of household water treatment. For instance, use of purifying sachet/tablet increased from 8% at baseline to 85% at the end-line survey. The findings also suggested that the majority of the respondents (more than 75%) know the use of feasible practices like boiling, filtration or adding tablets/sachet for water treatments9. This figure was only 25% in the baseline survey. After the baseline survey, it is worth to note that DRC-Gambella has been distributing purifying sachet and providing demonstrations for those villages with no access to hand pumps. 7According to SPHERE key indicator: Each household has at least two clean water collec ting containers of 10-20 litres, plus enough clean water storage containers to ensure there is always water in the household. The amount of storage capacity required depends on the size of the household and the consistency of water availability e. g. approximately 4 litres per person would be appropriate for situations where there is a constant daily supply 8 Requirement for storage is calculated according to certain specificities, but considering the minimum of 4lt/person/day, for an average household of 5, should be at least 20 lt. 9 Different researchers suggested some feasible practices like boiling, filtration or adding Figuret/sachet and chlorination for water treatment (CAWST, 2009; Davis & Lambert, 2002). 11Knowledge of Household Water Treatment 140 120 % Respondents 100 80 60 40 20 0 special container Boiling Use of sachet Cleaning Filtering container with cloth Covering sunlight Baseline Endline Figure 12: Knowledge of household water treatment methods 6 Health and Hygiene 6. 1 Diseases Respondents were asked about the diseases their family experienced during the three weeks before the interview. The number of respondents who caught diarrhea in the three weeks prior to the interview reduced from 60% in the baseline to 27. 3% in the end-line survey. Hence, you can see from the end-line survey that hygiene conditions and practices are improving.When it comes to the causes of diarrhoea, more than 85% of the respondents referenced unsafe drinking water, children feces, germs/bacteria, open defecation, poor hygienic practices and flies as causes of diarrhea (Figure 16), indicating that the hygiene promotion has resulted in an increase in knowledge. 12 Figure 16: Knowledge about diarrhea transmission Interviewees were asked to indicate in a multiple choice question, which action to be taken to protect their families from the different diseases that they suffered from. The respondents who indicated that they can be protected from malaria by sleeping under m osquito net increased from 40% to 75%. Keeping the environment clean and good hygienic practices also attributed as a method of prevention of malaria by many respondents (Figure 14). 13 Knowldge of Malaria prevetion measure 120 100 Respondents 80 60 40 20 0 Keeping environment Clean Safe water Good hygienic practice Use mosquitonet Wash cloth Wash hand Baseline Endline Figure 14: knowledge of malaria prevention measures When it comes to skin diseases, most of the respondents indicated that good hygienic practice as way of prevention of skin diseases (Figure 15). 14 Figure 15: Knowledge of skin diseases prevention measur es Nearly 51. 2% of the respondents indicated that good personal hygiene, keeping the environment clean, use of safe water for drinking, washing hands, washing clothes and hanging them in the sun can protect their families from respiratory and eye problems.The above results indicate that the knowledge of the people has improved with regards to respiratory illness and eye infection transmission and protection, however there is still room for improvement. 6. 2 Washing Hands and Good Hygienic Practices General question about hygiene and more specific ones about hand washing were posed. Keeping food away from flies, bathing regularly, keeping compounds clean, protecting food and washing hands are considered as good hygienic practices by the majority of the respondents in the end-line survey. This means that the figure increased from nearly 51% at the baseline to nearly 85% in the endline. 15 Figure 18: Knowledge about keeping good hygieneLikewise, when respondents specifically asked if they wash their hands, 89% of the interviewees gave affirmative answer in the end-line Survey. People who wash hands reported to be doing it in order to eliminate bad smell and prevent diseases. Similarly more details of the hand washing practice can be seen from Figure 20, and it can be concluded that more than three fourth of the population who wash their hands, ar e doing it at the appropriate times. 16 Figure 20: Frequency of hand washing practice While the vast majority of the respondents (95%) stated they would like to bathe once a day, when it comes to practice, 29% of respondents expressed they have problems in taking bath regularly mainly because of lack of container and soap (Figure 21).Hygiene practices were also considered to be a major issue by nearly 40. 6% of the respondents, these respondents indicated that poor practices are due to both a lack of access to hygiene items, and a poor attitude brought on by a lack of knowledge. So the majority of the respondents signified that the distributed hygiene kits solved some of their problems and they were adhering to good hygienic practices. 17 7 Sanitation 7. 1 Defecation Before the DRC intervention, the majority of the adults practiced open defecation. Because changing habits is not easy, the baseline assessment was designed to understand the risk practices that were most widespread and identify those that could be changed.From the point of view of controlling diarrhoea, the priorities for hygiene behavioral change included hand washing at critical times and safe stool disposal. To this end, the efforts of the organization brought significant behavioral change. From the end-line survey it is noted that 85% of the respondents use traditional latrines, which is up from 0%. Similarly, when asked to indicate the best option for defecation, 85% indicated the latrine. On the other hand, privacy, water pollution, presence of bad smell and flies, as well as spread of disease was reported as the main problem related to open defecation practices (Figure 23). Respondents were also asked about post defecation cleansing habits and mostly indicated pieces of paper. Figure 23: Problems related to defecation practice 18Considering the majority of respondents indicated that a latrine is the best option for defecation, and that the main issue with defecation is privacy, disease, wa ter pollution, smell and environmental pollution, it was observed that the traditional latrine which is constructed by the participation of the communities has been welcomed and used by the community. In the baseline survey it was found out that inadequate sanitary conditions and poor hygiene practices played major roles in the increased burden of communicable disease within the village. Similarly, the baseline information stated that beneficiaries had problems with access to safe water and sanitation facilities. To this end, DCR Gambella set a strategy to solve the problems through community participation. DRC- Gambella inculcates the basic principles and approaches Sanitation) of into CLTS the (Community newly Lead Total PHAST designed Participatory hygiene and Sanitation Transformation) training. As both approaches opt for communities’ participations and empowerment and focus on igniting a change in sanitation and hygiene behaviour, a PHAST training manual that encompasses both PHAST methodology and catalysts for change in sanitation behaviour was prepared and distributed. After community based health promotions work, and community conversation establishments at each village, the accessibility to sanitation facilities and sanitation practices improved. 1446 households who completed hand washing points and traditional pit latrine (See the figure on the right side) were awarded NFI to recognize their efforts of behavioral changes.Hand washing after stool contact and safe disposal of stool have been priorities in hygiene and sanitation promotion interventions in Wanthowa Woreda. By understanding that for the quickest and widest adoption of good hygienic practices it is often more cost-effective to rely on social ambitions rather than health arguments to encourage change, DRC linked hygiene promotion works with social and cultural values, norms as well as NFI distributions, such that all hygiene promotions were linked with cultural problems of Nuer socie ty and social values. As a result good improvements in both hand 19 washing and safe stool disposal were registered. This can be confirmed by looking at the end line KAP survey results. 7. Waste and Waste Management The majority of disease measures are related to environmental conditions: appropriate shelter, clean water, good sanitation, and vector control, personal protection such as (insecticide-treated nets, personal hygiene and health promotion). Appropriate waste disposal mechanism is vital to avoid environmental pollution and breading place for vectors and pathogens. In this regards, the majority of the respondents (75%) indicated that they are now burning the household solid wastes on timely bases (Figure 24). The number of respondents who had been disposing solid wastes in open space and river significantly decreased after the interventions.Figure 24: waste disposal practice 20 The problems concerning waste were indicated in flies, bad smell, breeding place for mosquitoes. Majority of the respondents understood that appropriate solid waste disposal plays a vital role in minimizing the breading of vectors and other pathogens (Figure 25). Figure 25: Problems related to waste disposal The majority of respondents indicated that the practice used to dispose household waste is burning. Improvement in waste disposal and keep the villages clean is observed by DRC field staffs. Similarly the views of the majority of the respondents on the attributes of clean and health village is improved.It is noted that availability of safe water, cleanness of the village and availability of latrine considered by more than three fourth of the respondents as the attributes of clean and health village in the end-line survey. But those we stated the same were nearly 50% in the baseline survey. 21 Similarly, the benefits of keeping a village were mainly identified as decrease of diseases occurrence, improved beauty of village, minimized presence of mosquitoes and flies by more t han three fourth of the respondents in the end-line where as this nearly 53% in the baseline. From end-line survey, it can be inferred that majority of respondents indicated that important public health factors such as availability of safe water and atrines, absence of stagnant water and mosquitoes among the attributes of an healthy village. They also noted that this has great impact in reduction of infection disease prevalence. Hence, it can be concluded that the understanding of the majority of the respondents on disease transmission, transmission routes and its preventions tremendously improved after the interventions. 22 8 Conclusion Diarrhoea causes dehydration and kills approximately 2. 2 million people, mostly children, every year. Children are more likely than adults to die from diarrhea because they become dehydrated more quickly. In the past 10 years, diarrhea has killed more children than all of the people lost to armed conflict since World War II.Its occurrence is closel y related to the opportunities that poor people (especially poor mothers) have to improve domestic hygiene10. Diarrhoea does not only cause disease and early death in children, but also affects children’s nutritional status, stunting children’s physical and intellectual growth over time. Skin and eye infections are especially common in arid areas. Both diarrhoea and other infectious diseases have health as well as socio-economic consequences. Washing more often can greatly reduce their spread11 . Similarly, the training manual of Amhara region indicated that improved hygiene, particularly hand washing at critical times can reduce diarrhea by one third and reduce malnutrition12. Soiled hands are an important source of transmitting diarrhoeas.Recent research also suggests that hand washing is an important preventive measure in the incidence of acute respiratory infections, one of the top killer of children under five. 13 This KAP survey was conducted in order to compare its results with the results of the baseline survey, to identify whether the hygiene promotion activities conducted in the frame of the ECHO funded project had been effective. The baseline and end-line survey results revealed that positive results have been achieved in the overall hygiene situation. In the baseline survey the situation was poor i. e. lack of safe water, poor sanitation facilities, poor hygiene practice etc. At the end of the project, an improvement was noted in the overall hygiene and sanitation behaviour.Though improvements were noticed after the implementation of project, it should not be forgotten that it takes time to consolidate behaviour changes, so more follow up is necessary for further improvement. 10 11 12 (Curtis et al. , 2000). Brian Appleton and Christine van Wijk (IRC), 2003. Amhara Regional State Health Bureau, 2011; Isabel Carter, 2005 13 See for instance the study of Ryan et al. published in 2001 23 9 RECOMMENDATIONS Although the WASH project can be en seen as a success, the team noted some recommendations for future interventions. ? ? Construct 15 shell wells in Lolkuach village so that inhabitants meet SPHERE standards Assess whether it is possible to dig wells in the locations where people move to during the dry season ?Introduce rain water harvesting techniques, which are easy sources of potable water and would reduce the distance travelled to access water, thus improving the protection status of the women and girls that are responsible for this task. ? ? Follow up on well water quality in rehabilitated wells Although respondents recognized that animal feces can contaminate water, only 15% in the end-line noted that the proximity of a latrine to a water source can contaminate drinking water. This could be stressed and improved in future hygiene promotion activities. 24 10 References 1. Amhara Regional State Health Bureau (2011). Training Manual on Hygiene and Sanitation Promotion and Community Mobilization for Volunteer Com munity Health Promoters (VCHP)/ Draft for Review. 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